Aspects Of Database Security Information Technology Essay

Aspects Of Database Security Information Technology Essay Many native methods of providing Database security have also been discussed along with a survey of database threats issues and its remedies. Mechanisms are discussed that propose strengthening the database security. It seems desirable to get an understanding of the complete set of security problems faced and their problems up-to-date to devise better methodologies for database security issues. The research study regarding Database Security is organized as follows: Section 1 highlights the native methods of Database Security which have been employed. Section 2 describes the threats faced by databases and Section 3 discusses varies proposed remedies to the Database security issues. Improper safeguarding of data might compromise database confidentiality, its availability and integrity. In order to prevent this, it is very important to form a comprehensive database security concept [term paper link]. Importance of Data The security of data has always been an issue, but with the increase of applications relying more on databases to store that information, the threats to the security have increased manifold. Security of data is a crucial issue today then ever and the importance of it is clearly understood as well. The three main objectives of Database security include Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability [1]. The databases have to be secured in any case since they contain bulk amount of data both confidential and public. The loss of integrity of data can not only have disastrous affect for a specific user, but the reputation of the whole organization comes at stake. Methods to perturb original data and are required in which data is converted to some anonymous form, in cases where the privacy of data itself is of utmost importance. Anonymization in that case is carried out in such a way that the original data integrity and its relationships are maintained while the data is perturbed for analysi s. Threats to Database Databases today face a growing risk of threats and vulnerabilities. Security breaches are typically categorized as unauthorized data observation, incorrect data modification, and data unavailability. Unauthorized data observation results in the disclosure of information to users not entitled to gain access to such information [2]. In case of unauthorized data observation, the data is seen by users for whom that data in not intended. For incorrect data modifications, once the data in the databases is modified, its integrity is lost and then the proper usage of data cannot be carried out. The true information is not available when it is needed. Countermeasures to Threats Some countermeasures that can be employed are outlined below: Access Controls (can be Discretionary or Mandatory) Authorization (granting legitimate access rights) Authentication (determining whether a user is who they claim to be)ÂÂ   Backup Journaling (maintaining a log file enables easy recovery of changes) Encryption (encoding data using an encryption algorithm) RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks protects against data loss due to disk failure)ÂÂ   Polyinstantiation (data objects that appear to have different values to users with different access rights / clearance)ÂÂ   Views (virtual relations which can limit the data viewable by certain users) [3]. Security Solutions for Databases To protect data from losing its confidentiality, integrity and availability, different mechanisms have been proposed and are currently in use by the Relational Database Management Systems. The protection mechanisms used to provide security to databases include Firewalls which act as the first line of defense. Intrusion Detection Systems are another form of security which detects intrusions in the database. Achieving high security for databases is a continuous and tough job. Data in the databases has to be secure so that no loss, leakage or unwanted access to it is made. The database security model is structured using the Access Control policy, authorization policy, inference policy, accountability policy, audit policy, and consistency policy [5]. The Access Control Policy for security of databases is focused with some research on the other mechanisms of security as well including Authentication, Inference avoidance, different levels of access control and the protection of data itsel f. 4.1 Access Control Policy: The access control system is the database components that checks all database requests and grants or denies a users re-quest based on his or her privileges. (Here we assume that the user has been authenticated.) [6] Discretionary Access Control in RDBMS Mandatory Access Control in RDBMS Discretionary Mechanism in OODBMS Discretionary Mechanism in OODBMS One of the main mechanisms to secure databases is the access control mechanism. In this regard the assurance that access is granted to authorize users has to be made to avoid compromising the security of the database. Some of the access control methods that are used are discussed, but the list is not exhaustive. Existing solutions for database security, which are defined for Relational Database Management Systems, are not appropriate for Object Oriented Database Management Systems. This is because OODBMSs are different in terms of the security models they follow. They are richer than the ordinary relational data models. This mainly refers to the authorization principles they follow. So either the relational data models have to be extended to incorporate the object oriented concepts as well or new data models have to be created for the object oriented data models. Object models provide a superset of the functionalities of relational database management system [5]. Discretionary Access Control In this case, the creator of an object becomes its owner and he has the full right over that object. The owner here then defines the rights to access the information. Mandatory Access Control Objects in this case are assigned labels, on the basis of which they have the right to access the information in a database. The security labels assigned could be top secret, secret, classified, unclassified. In this case, the system itself mandates the users their rights to access or modify data. Discretionary Access Control in OODBMS In case of object oriented database architecture, objects are stored in the database as compared to the relational database architecture in which strings, values or integers are stored instead. The objects have attributes as well as methods which are invoked to query data from the database. Mandatory Access Control in OODBMS In case of mandatory access control, the data in the databases are discussed in which are used the methods Inference Issue Avoidance In cases where legitimate data is accessed by the user through queries, it is a risk that he infers further information which is not concerned to him. In such cases the security of user data is compromised. Data Privacy Protection The user data becomes identifiable when paired with some existing information. Some mechanism has to be adopted that prevents leakage of confidential information from data that is publicly available. In this regards the process of data-anonymization is used which de-identifies the information for privacy preservation. Even with the technique of Anonymization, the inference problem still remains in the data mining field. Even though a database is sanitized by removing private information, the use of data mining techniques may allow one to recover the removed information. Several approaches have been proposed, some of which are specialized for specific data mining techniques, such as tools for association rule mining or classification systems, whereas others are independent from the specific data mining technique. In general, all approaches are based on modifying or perturbing the data in some way [2]. Security in Distributed Databases Some of the most, important security requirements for database management systems are: Multi-Level Access Control: Confidentiality, Reliability, Integrity, and Recovery [8]. Data mining systems are being extended to function in a distributed environment. These systems are called distributed data mining systems. Security problems may be exacerbated in distributed data mining systems [8]. Conclusion

Case Study of Carl Robins Essay

My consulting company has been hired by ABC, Inc. to evaluate some problems involving management. Once the analysis is complete it will identify and recommend ways to improve the hiring process of ABC, Inc. Carl Robins is a new campus recruiter who is on the fast track to success. However, as a new employee, he is not fully informed on processes of the company. From my analysis, I conclude that Carl Robins is not organized and did not assemble training plan for the new recruits. New employees can acquire a situation too deep and too fast. It takes at least six months to a year for someone in a new position to understand his or her role within a company. Carl Robins is doing too much too fast. A plan needs to be in place and reviewed before any new trainees were hired. Carl Robins, a new recruiter with ABC, Inc., has a dilemma. Because a training plan was not put in place and the proper research was not done, Carl runs the risk of an unsuccessful orientation. Carl’s position has the role of coordinating tasks and gathering information for new people coming to the company. If the process is unsuccessful, it will leave a bad impression with not only Monica Carrolls, Operations Supervisor, but the new trainees as well. As the coordinator, Carl has not put in the research required to obtain the information needed for the trainees. Several problems exist for Carl Robins. The first issue is that he is six months into his position and is not aware of certain policies and procedures within ABC, Inc. The second issue is that a training plan does not exist for Carl to follow to make sure trainees meet the requirements. In the workforce today it is important that everyone entering a new job receive all the required training that is needed to complete it in a professional and skilled manner. When Carl Robins decided to take on the position as a Campus Recruiter for ABC, Inc., Carl didn’t receive the proper training needed to accomplish his tasks. This error is placed upon the human resource department for ABC, Inc. Even though Carl knows a lot in this area, he should not receive any special treatment and still be shown the proper ways and steps to make, for this company, before planning a new hire orientation. ïÆ'ËœThe third issue is that by Carl being new to his position he did not do the research or ask questions on what needed to be done. He just assumed. An action plan or schedule should be active before the new trainees were hired. Carl did not prepare for the  orientation; he runs the risk of not possessing the space or materials to conduct the orientation. The fourth issue Carl is a procrastinator Carl could have prevented this problem by not being so negligent. One of Carl’s identifiable problems is his procrastination on finalizing the new trainee paperwork necessary to conduct the orientation. The sad truth is that most individuals are procrastinators. â€Å"Procrastination is the art of keeping up with yesterday†. Carl Robbins, procrastination is a major part of the failure of his recruitment of the new hires. Another factor that contributes to his failure is the lack of communication. When Monica contacted Carl about the training schedule he should have ask Monica about the steps of how ABC, Inc. proceed for training. ïÆ'ËœThe fifth issue is that Carl does not know how to plan and execute. Carl’s lack of planning and execution could imply that either Carl is not fully qualified, or as I mentioned earlier Carl needs more training. The sixth issue is Carl is lacking in his Time Management Skills.† Time is a commodity no individual can afford to l ose. The best way to reach a project deadline is to have a good time of objectives. ïÆ'ËœThe seventh and last issue is Communication. Lack of communication at any workplace makes for catastrophe. When lagging communication between departments and employees lags, the state of business suffer. The key to effective communication is being timely and relevant. There is an immediate lack of timely communication going on between Carl Robins and Monica Carrolls. Assumption is being made by Monica Carrolls that Carl Robins knows what he is doing, and the protocol that follows a new hire orientation is visible. New employees were hired in early April and not until the middle of May did Monica consult her new recruiter on the current status of the employees. This is over a month that critical follow-up was needed with the new campus recruiter. Perhaps if there was a set schedule in place that Carl was given as to a timetable, important records and documentation that needed to be completed would not have been overlooked. These documents are mandatory for an orientation to take place. Procrastination or a lack of clearly defined priorities may have been factors in why Carl waited until after Memorial Day to pull files and take a look at the new hires current status. This allowed only one week for odds and ends to be completed before the actual orientation was to take place on  June 15th of that month. My conclusion is that lack of planning skills and time management on behalf of the newly hired campus recruiter. My suggestion is in order to reduce or eradicate the problems identified in this case ABC, Inc., should provide everyone with a detailed outline of the hiring process and what the hiring process encompasses. After reviewing Carl Robins’ case, I have come to the conclusion that Carl has put himself in a situation where he will not be able to make a deadline he has set with the operations supervisor, Monica Carrolls. Carl will not be able to make the tight deadline due to all the problems he has been faced with. In order for Carl to become a successful employee for ABC, Inc., he will need to learn how to manage his time more efficiently and communicate better with his coworkers and the potential recruits. These types of problems Carl has been faced with can be overcome by managing time affectively and communicating with his supervisor and the new trainees about the policies and procedures of the company. Some alternatives that could have helped Carl are: The trainers files could be reviewed before the initiate hire date. Placed notes on files with any missing documents. Manuals should be reviewed every month. A system upgrade can be implemented. The drug screening can be scheduled after the first interview in order to have them completed in time for orientation. ABC, Inc., should have a centralized area for the necessary documents needed for orientation, so when new trainees are hired it would be available. My proposed solution is the following: Carl needs to find another room for training or to arrange a place outside the company to have the orientation. Call a local hotel where he can meet to conduct the new employee orientation. Reserve the room that Joe booked either in the AM or PM after the computer training class The missing applications and transcripts should not take long to complete. In the course of orientation, they can go over and complete. The orientation manuals need to be piece together into one, after this is done the manual needs to be revised and rewritten. The completed manuals than need to be copied either at the office copier or taken to the local Kinko’s office. Carl can  assign someone to call the Drug testing facility, and schedule five people per Day for three days or contact the recruits and send them to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. and the company will have the results the same day. This will take care of the drug screening problems.

Essay on Death Of A Salesman - Biff Character Profile

Biff is one of the main characters in the play quot;Death of a Salesmanquot; by Arthur Miller. Biff is Willys and Lindas son. He was the star of the football team and had scholarships to 3 colleges, but he flunked math and couldnt graduate, so he tried to work at many different jobs, and failed at each. Finally, he decided to head out west, and work on farms. Biff came back home this spring, because he didnt know what he was doing with his life. Willy has mood swings and sometimes thinks very highly of Biff sometimes but other times he hates him. The day he came home Willy yelled at him, and because Biff admires his dad, he was depressed. He later reveals to Happy, after their double date, that all he wants is to work on a farm,†¦show more content†¦He cuts straight through it, and isnt afraid that the subject might be touchy or hurt peoples feelings. When Biff wasnt seen by Oliver, Happy wanted to make Willy happy, so he just told him that Biff got it, but Biff didnt want that. He told Willy that he didnt get the deal, but Willy refused to listen, so Biff just kept trying. He didnt care that it would hurt willy. When he confronted Willy in he end, he just yelled at him and brought him to the realization that he wasnt special, and that he was a dime a dozen. Willy eventually realizes this, and that is why he crashes the car and kills himself. Biff should be portrayed as a guy that doesnt take any nonsense. He should be firm with what he says, and shouldnt be influenced by others opinions. He has strong opinions himself, and should stick to them. He claims to know who he is, but he really doesnt. Biff should be kind of strong, and athletic, because he works on a farm. Bif does love Willy, deep down. He doesnt show it that much, because he insults him sometimes, but he does show lots of care for Willy, and didnt want him to kill himself, even though it seems as if he was driving Willy to it with all of the insults. Biff really loves his mother, and it really hurt him when she kicked him out of the house. He hates it when Willy yells at her to shut up, because he loves her. He doesnt want his mom to worried about Willy, because he knows of Willys affair.Show MoreRelatedâ€Å"Aristotle’s Definition of the Tragic Hero and Irony in Tragedy† Oedipus Rex, Othello, and Death of a Salesman3217 Words   |  13 Pageswhich states that a character of exceptionally high stature is relegated (literally, figuratively, or both) and is forced to succumb to misfortune due to some flaw of character or failure to find/some deviation from the moral and righteous path, which is referred to as the hamartia. (Myers) However, he cannot be of paramount virtue or righteousness for this would objectify him, in turn isolating him from human perceptivity and compassion though he must be of high or noble character. The hamartia at

Business Owner Of Faith Based House Call Company - 1387 Words

Thomasson, the business owner of faith based House Call Company, chose to run his business on his Christian principles. Leaning on the Parable of the Talents to guide his decisions of employee responsibility, training and excellence, he also continues to strive for excellent customer service. He believes that he should live out his faith and that means through his company, not just on a Sunday and Wednesday when he attends church or Bible study with his group of like minded business owners. As it pertains to both his employee and service manager Whiting and his customers it seems he is trying to live out James 2:8-9, â€Å"If you really fulfill the royal law according to the Scripture, â€Å"You shall love your neighbor as yourself,† you do well; but if you show partiality, you commit sin, and are convicted by the law as transgressors† (NKJV). Given that Thomasson has rehired Whiting, there should be expectations in place that Whiting could attain. While Whiting was falling short in regards to the goals of Thomasson, there truly wasn’t enough measurable time to see if he had really made the changes he said he had. Seeing how both Ward and Thomasson have two differing styles of management, there is a possibility that with Ward’s involvement, Whiting would excel. And while Thomasson might think that Whiting should be out of chances if he doesn’t begin to succeed in his role as service manage, instead are there other areas which might better suit Whiting’s personality? Just fromShow MoreRelatedDoes Outsourcing Data Uphold The Enterprise?1469 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasing automation, companies and organizations with massive amounts of data to manage often find themselves outsourcing their databases. This particular arrangement depends on many factors, such as trustworthiness and reputation. Each business requires different coverage from the outsource provider as well as different costs requirements. 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Legion of Honor Essay - 1677 Words

Throughout different time periods and civilizations come many different types of art that would never be comparable to those of another time or place. There are also the pieces that come from a completely different time and place, but yet they can still be compared to one another. The Torso of a God (Egyptian, New Kingdom, Dynasty 18, last decade of the reign of Amenhotep III, Granodiorite, 1359-1349 B.C.) and the Statue of Asklepios (Greek, Hellenistic period, Pentelic Marble, 2nd century B.C.) are two sculptures made hundreds of years apart, yet they both display many similarities and show how art is constantly changing whilst keeping the same core ideas. The Torso of a God is a sculpture located at the Legion of Honor museum in San†¦show more content†¦The statue shows the God in a good light and as a muscular and fit being, but at the same time is portrayed in an extremely unrealistic way. The Statue of Asklepios is a classic Greek sculpture that portrays a person of th e most perfect and athletic form. The piece is of a man standing beautifully while draped in a toga. The toga is draped over his left shoulder and cuts across to the right side of his body near his lower abdomen and then continues to cover his legs until his ankle. The toga also is draped over the pieces entire back. The piece is missing his head, his left arm and both his right foot and almost its entire right arm. The piece has a smooth, but not glossy, exterior in all of the areas except for the parts that have been broken off. Asklepios is portrayed as an incredible fit and beautiful being. The abdomen is extremely muscular and shows off the miraculous fitness of the model. The toga has many wrinkles, creating a lot of shadow and darks and lights. It also is wrapped in a way that is both loose and tight in different areas of the sculpture. It is tied right next to the left pectoral and the left armpit. This piece emphasizes the muscular body of this man while at the same time po rtraying him standing in such a nonchalant way through the curvature and relaxed look of the figure. And unlike the Torso of a God, this piece clearly shows movement through the shape of the body and the folds of the toga becauseShow MoreRelatedThe Legion Of Honor By John Baptiste Oudry1280 Words   |  6 PagesWhen at the Legion of Honor, we as a group came across a painting known as â€Å"The Pà ¢tà ©Ã¢â‚¬  which was completed by French artist John Baptiste Oudry in 1743. Some quick dimensions of the painting include, 69 3/4 x 49 (177.2 x 124.5 cm) being a rather average size painting in that century in that geographical location. The artist John Baptiste Oudry was a well known Rococo painter, tapestry designer as well as illustrator. 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Aqa-Scly1-W-Qp-Jun11 Free Essays

General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination June 2011 Sociology Unit 1 Wednesday 18 May 2011 For this paper you must have: ? an AQA 8-page answer book. SCLY1 9. 00 am to 10. We will write a custom essay sample on Aqa-Scly1-W-Qp-Jun11 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 00 am Time allowed ? 1 hour Instructions ? Use black ink or black ball-point pen. ? Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The Examining Body for this paper is AQA. The Paper Reference is SCLY1. ? This paper is divided into three sections. ? Choose one section and answer all of the questions from that section. Do not answer questions from more than one section. ? Do all rough work in your answer book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. Information ? The marks for questions are shown in brackets. ? The maximum mark for this paper is 60. ? Questions carrying 24 marks should be answered in continuous prose. In these questions you will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. G/T64897/Jun11/SCLY1 6/6/ SCLY1 2 Choose one section and answer all of the questions from that section. Section A: Culture and Identity Total for this section: 60 marks Read Items 1A and 1B below and answer questions Item 1A Interactionists see a person’s identity as arising from interactions with other people and from how those interactions are interpreted. For example, social expectations about what is an appropriate leisure activity for an older person may influence what that person does in their spare time. This choice of leisure activity may affect how they see themselves and how others see them, both of which contribute to their sense of identity. Item 1B For Marxists, culture in society reflects ruling-class ideology. It expresses the distorted view of the world put forward by the dominant class and is important in maintaining the system of social inequality that exists in capitalist society. Functionalist sociologists argue that the culture of society reflects the shared values of that society. Society needs a shared culture to run effectively, and various agencies play their part in socialising members of society. 0 0 1 2 Explain what is meant by ‘socialisation’. 5 0 1 to 0 5 that follow. (2 marks) Suggest two reasons, apart from the one mentioned in Item 1A, why leisure choices may vary across different age groups. (4 marks) Identify three characteristics and/or concepts associated with interactionist views of culture and identity, apart from those mentioned in Item 1A. (6 marks) Examine sociological explanations of the ways in which ethnicity may shape social identity. (24 marks) Using material from Item 1B a nd elsewhere, assess sociological explanations of the role of culture in society. (24 marks) 0 3 0 4 0 5 G/T64897/Jun11/SCLY1 3 Section B: Families and Households Total for this section: 60 marks Read Items 2A and 2B below and answer questions Item 2A Many people see childhood as a natural stage of life that is determined by biology. What is expected of children is shaped by their age. However, sociologists suggest that childhood is a social construction. For example, changes in the laws regarding compulsory education and access to the labour market have shaped the experiences of children today. Item 2B Feminists take a critical view of the family. They argue that family life maintains and promotes gender inequality. For example, this is reflected in the domestic division of labour. Housework and childcare in the family, which are carried out mainly by women, are unpaid and hardly recognised as work at all. However, some sociologists suggest that feminist theories ignore the extent of family diversity. In fact, family roles and relationships are varied and therefore women’s experiences of family life are more diverse than some feminists suggest. 0 0 6 7 Explain what is meant by the ‘social construction’ of childhood (Item 2A). 0 6 to 1 0 that follow. 5 (2 marks) Suggest two ways, apart from those mentioned in Item 2A, in which government policies and/or laws may shape the experiences of children today. (4 marks) Identify three reasons why the birth rate has fallen since 1900. Examine the reasons for changes in the divorce rate since 1969. (6 marks) (24 marks) 0 0 1 8 9 0 Using material from Item 2B and elsew here, assess the contribution of feminist sociologists to an understanding of family roles and relationships. (24 marks) Turn over for Section C Turn over ? G/T64897/Jun11/SCLY1 4 Section C: Wealth, Poverty and Welfare Total for this section: 60 marks Read Items 3A and 3B below and answer questions Item 3A In the United Kingdom, there is a mixed economy of welfare provision. This means that a range of different individuals and organisations provides welfare. The state benefits system is part of this provision and includes some benefits that are universal and others that are means-tested or selective. Voluntary groups also provide welfare services alongside the state and other providers. Item 3B Some sociologists suggest that the attitudes and behaviour of the poor themselves are a significant factor in the existence and continuation of poverty. The poor have a distinct subculture that is different from the rest of society. This subculture encourages certain attitudes and behaviour that keep the poor locked in poverty. However, other sociologists question the existence of a set of different norms and values among the poor. Instead, they suggest that poverty arises from the structure and organisation of society. 1 1 1 2 Explain the difference between income and wealth. 1 1 to 1 5 that follow. 5 (4 marks) Suggest two advantages of welfare benefits being universal, rather than selective (Item 3A). (4 marks) Suggest two advantages of welfare provision by voluntary groups (Item 3A). (4 marks) 1 1 3 4 Examine the reasons for the increasing inequality of wealth in the United Kingdom since the 1970s. (24 marks) Using material from Item 3B and elsewhere, assess the view that the attitudes and the behaviour of the poor themselves are responsible for poverty. (24 marks) 1 5 END OF QUESTIONS Copyright  © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. G/T64897/Jun11/SCLY1 How to cite Aqa-Scly1-W-Qp-Jun11, Essay examples

Evolution of Accounting Software in Australia

Question: Describe about the Evolution of Accounting Software in Australia. Answer: History Accounting is an important business activity in any business house and this activity was holding lot of important information about the organization (Deshmukh, 2006). The programmers concentrated to develop lot of applications that can serve the accounting field. In the initial stage the in house programmers present in an organization developed the solutions to solve the problems faced in the organization. So the first accounting program was programmed for the mainframe computers which was initiated by IBM and played a vital role in developing the software and ruled the world. The mainframes were in use from 1960 to 1975 and these systems provided high security and were very much reliable but they were large in size, which used the centralized processing intelligence (A System of Health Accounts, 2011). There was a new invention of the minicomputers which were basically smaller than the mainframe computers and were also less powerful when compared the mainframes. The use of minicomputers lasted from 1975 to 1985. The data was stored as the flat files and was managed by the indexed file organization structures same like the mainframe computers. In general the Assembler, FORTRAN, COBOL and RPG languages was used by both the mainframe and minicomputers. It was improvised to the database as a hierarchical type. These computers provided the high capacity for processing the transactions and it supported large number of users. Then next, from 1980 to 1990, the microcomputers were in use. It showed a greater advancement as it provided the Local Area Networking to share files, for indexing the files, but it contained certain limitations like, it offered a limited capacity for processing the transactions and supported limited users. Then the world of accounting saw important changes from 1988 to 1995 with the client server architecture that used the LAN and WAN (Wide Area Network). These computers were a mixture of mainframe computers, minicomputers and the Personal computers. The databases were able to centralize as well as decentralize and it supported many users. The transaction processing capacity was really high. From 1995 the world completely saw a new era of internet, which contained the relational databases, object-oriented database, multidimensional databases and Object-oriented databases. It offered the users the flexible capacity for processing the transactions and was used by a huge number of users world-wide. As stated in (Deshmukh, 2006), it is determined that though the world has stepped in to an evolutionary phase, there are few governments and the businesses that still continue the old hardware and software. But to a maximum extent the new generation software languages are used. And as per (Shoeboxed.com.au, 2016), it is stated that the Australian businesses, among which approximately 80% still run based on excel spreadsheets and invoices which are generally written manually or by using the MS Word. In general it is determined by (BIT, 2016), that before the year 2000, most of the small businesses in Australia were happy using the manual accounting work but since the advent of GST, a huge number of business shifted to the accounting software. This was supported by the Commonwealth Government. It is not wrong to continue the business with book keeping process and according to the survey of (BIT, 2016), almost 13 percent of the organizations continued book keeping for their business and found it to be reliable for their business. The Current Market Size In 2011, the Deloitte Access Economics has estimated in (The Outsourced Accountant, 2015), that the market size will increase to a greater extent. And thus, according to (The Outsourced Accountant, 2015), the Australian economy is seeing a digital growth in an accelerated speed and has been contributed in the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in the year 2015 and thus the market is increasing in its size rapidly. The outsourced accountants are helpful for the Australian accounting organizations to know and apply the solutions provided by the outsourced accountants to become a proactive participant and attract clients. The outsourced accountants help Australia to save time and money and carrier out the work which consumes more time. (The Outsourced Accountant, 2015). Therefore, according to (Ibisworld.com.au, 2016), in the last five years, there is steady growth in Australian market size. The Leaders in the Market In Australia, there exist three big competitors for the accounting software market called as MYOB, Intuit and Xero. According to (Businessinsider.com.au, 2016), MYOB is the strongest competitor. These accounting software helps in inviting the accounting professionals for viewing the customer's accounts and helps them in taking appropriate decisions by giving their time for their customers (Xero Accounting Software, 2016). The software provides a real time view of the cash flow of the customer, provides a collaboration which helps in accessing and controlling the members level for access. It offers a security of the customer's data. It helps in decreasing the data entry manually. Moreover, in order to ease the customers it provides completely free and automatic updates for its customers (Xero Accounting Software, 2016). The MYOB has increased its market from $AU831.7 to $AU833.8 million (Businessinsider.com.au, 2016). The software packages are tailor fitted and customised as per the r equirement of the business (Yau and K. Auyeung, 1995). What gives them the Competitive Advantage? According to (Businessinsider.com.au, 2016), the competitors for the accounting software market are competing to take over the market and their plus point is that any business today, whether a big one or a small one requires to handle and manage the accounting department of their firms and thus these firms help our competing accounting software companies to gain their objective in an easy way (Duska, Duska and Ragatz, 2011). The companies in Australia are evacuating the space of the book keepers and allowing the accounting software to do the same accounting process effectively. The processes such as the invoicing, cash flow decision management are all carried out on the desktops and by using the mobile applications. Moreover, even the online accounting facilities are made available in Australia for the small businesses (Xero Accounting Software, 2016). Identify the Current Challenges Encountered By Users or Customers of Accounting Software or Packages Security is major issue faced by the accounting software or the packages in Australia. As per (QnE Accounting Software, 2013), the other problems are ineffective reporting, Inefficiency, poor accessing speed, Inaccuracy, they are not user-friendly, the Bank Reconciliation feature is absent, it lacks effective (CRM) Customer Relationship Management, inconvenient technical supports via phone, it lacks compatibility and most importantly the technical support service is not available 24/7 for the customers. Maintenance of accounting software's essential tools for using the software effectively requires updated equipment and thus it is a challenge for the small firms. (Smallbusiness.chron.com, 2016). The simple form of mathematics were expanded by using the accounting methods which were quite complex in nature. But, there are accounting experts for whom this is just a matter of time to solve the problem by using simple and easy methods. On the other hand the accounting software helps to solve the problem in no time with the simplest method, the very fact is that the cost acts as a gap for the small organizations to adopt to the accounting software (Ibisworld.com.au, 2016). Recommendations The small business houses in Australia are recommended to choose the appropriate and suitable online accounting software that completely fits their business requirements. The other important aspect for which the accounting packages are suggested is that they offer various features which helps the firm. Moreover, make selection based on the budget of the firm. It is suggested that any queries related to the accounting software must be directly talked and sorted out to avoid future management problems. References A System of Health Accounts. (2011). Paris: OECD Publishing. BIT. (2016).7 accounting packages for Australian small businesses compared: including MYOB, QuickBooks Online, Reckon, Xero. [online] Available at: https://www.bit.com.au/Review/344651,7-accounting-packages-for-australian-small-businesses-compared-including-myob-quickbooks-online-reckon-xero.aspx [Accessed 13 Sep. 2016]. Businessinsider.com.au. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/charts-the-battle-for-supremacy-in-australias-cloud-accounting-market-2015-4 [Accessed 13 Sep. 2016]. Duska, R., Duska, B. and Ragatz, J. (2011).Accounting ethics. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. Ibisworld.com.au. (2016).Software Publishing in Australia Market Research | IBISWorld. [online] Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry/default.aspx?indid=5275 [Accessed 13 Sep. 2016]. QnE Accounting Software. (2013).Problems faced by companies that are using accounting software for their businesses. [online] Available at: https://qneaccountingsoftware.wordpress.com/2013/09/13/problems-faced-by-companies-that-are-using-accounting-software-for-their-businesses [Accessed 13 Sep. 2016]. Shoeboxed.com.au. (2016).The evolution of accounting bookkeeping. [online] Available at: https://www.shoeboxed.com.au/blog/the-evolution-of-accounting-bookkeeping/ [Accessed 13 Sep. 2016]. Smallbusiness.chron.com. (2016). [online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-using-accounting-software-3823.html [Accessed 13 Sep. 2016]. The Outsourced Accountant. (2015).Australian Accounting Trends in 2015 Financial Year. [online] Available at: https://theoutsourcedaccountant.com/australian-accounting-trends-in-2015-financial-year/ [Accessed 13 Sep. 2016]. Xero Accounting Software. (2016).Online Accounting | Xero. [online] Available at: https://www.xero.com/au/accounting-software/online-accounting/ [Accessed 13 Sep. 2016].