Definition and Examples of Therapeutic Metaphor

Definition and Examples of Therapeutic Metaphor Definition A therapeutic metaphor is a  metaphor (or figurative comparison) used by a therapist to assist a client in the process of personal transformation, healing, and growth. Joseph Campbell attributed the broad appeal of metaphor to its inherent ability to establish or recognize connections, especially those connections that exist between emotions and past events (​The Power of Myth, 1988). In the book Imagery and Verbal Process (1979), Allan Paivio metaphorically characterized a therapeutic metaphor as a solar eclipse that hides the object of study and at the same time reveals some of its most salient and interesting characteristics when viewed through the right telescope. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Thirteen Ways of Looking at a MetaphorWhat Is a Metaphor? Examples and Observations Where description is the main function of a literary metaphor, altering, reinterpreting, and reframing are the main goals of the therapeutic metaphor. In order to achieve these, the therapeutic metaphor must evoke both the imagistic familiarity of the literary metaphor and a relational familiarity based on a sense of personal experience. The story itselfthe characters, events, and settingsmust speak to the common life experience of those listening, and it must do so in language that is familiar. An example from a modern fairy tale might be The Wizard of Oz (Baum, 1900), which functions as a metaphor for the common theme of searching for magical solutions somewhere outside the self. The image of a wicked witch, a good witch, a tinman, scarecrow, lion, and wizard all depict aspects of the listeners experience as mirrored in Dorothy.(Joyce C. Mills and R. J. Crowley, Therapeutic Metaphors for Children and the Child Within. Psychology Press, 2001) Extended Metaphors[T]herapists can corro borate the aptness of a metaphor [by helping to] construct a chain, to assist in weaving an elaborate web of correspondences that tease out additional ramifications and add new dimensions. Rather than presenting metaphors of their choosing, therapists can try to emphasize the raw material presented by clients, and, if possible, use the lead established by them to spin out further connections. In this fourth manner, they can exploit a natural aspect of language, lexico-semantic cohesion, as a strategy to densely layer semantic associations in jointly constructed extended metaphor.(Kathleen Ferrara, Therapeutic Ways With Words. Oxford University Press, 1994) The Power of Storytelling[T]he concept of therapeutic story-telling . . . [emphasizes] the power of metaphor to slip past the defences of the conscious mind.Such practitioners have little acquaintance with literary historyotherwise they would surely have recognized that their therapeutic metaphor amounts to little more than a relabelling of the time-honoured genres of allegory and fable. What is new is their highly individualised focus. Therapeutic stories, they maintain, must be constructed specifically to suit the emotional dynamics of individuals.(Hugh Crago, Bibliotherapy and Psychology. International Companion Encyclopedia of Childrens Literature, 2nd ed., edited by Peter Hunt. Routledge, 2004)

Auditing and Assurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Auditing and Assurance - Essay Example The omission is considered as immaterial if it does not affect the decisions of the users of financial statements. If the discrepancies in the information provided by the financial statements are material, the auditor needs to check and cross-check the effects of the misstatement on the financial statements as a whole. For instance, a misstatement in the inventory is required to be evaluated through an evaluation of combined effect of its relevant and linked accounts. The materiality of this misstatement, hence, would consider the accumulated impact on inventory, total current assets, total working capital, total assets, income taxes, income taxes payable, total current liabilities, cost of goods sold, net income before taxes and net income after taxes (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, Audit Reports, 2012). The relationship of materiality and opinion is tied with a lengthy process of auditing the financial statements. This relationship, hence, influences the way an auditor works by deciding on the extent and scope of auditing. Materiality determines if the auditor needs more time to be spent on certain areas of financial statements. Moreover, it also decides the nature of the report and the type of opinion. A material misstatement, for instance, results in a qualified, disclaimer or an adverse report if it affects the decisions of the users. Auditors are responsible to discover and report direct-effect illegal acts in the same manner as errors and frauds. On the other hand, there are limitations to detect and report indirect-effect illegal acts. The direct-effect illegal acts are detectable as, usually, they have a financial impact in terms of, for example, tax calculations etc.; whereas, indirect-effect illegal acts are not easily determinable as they are more related to the company’s work procedures, environment and conduct. The three levels of

A comparative analysis of three leading english grammars Essay

A comparative analysis of three leading english grammars - Essay Example Most languages in Europe have some form of codification to the extent that such a record carries authority among native users on its conventions. The study of the rules governing the usage of the English language is called English grammar.Gowers' Modern English Usage was once popularly ascribed to but not many, even leading linguists, have a copy of this text. It can be considered that English is not typical as far as European languages go. It is the world's language, used by around 300 million second language speakers. It dominates the world's communications and is taught in almost every school worldwide. It is also the only language whose second-language speakers or non-native users far outnumber the native speakers. It is also the only language which can make millionaires out of its experts by writing books. The study of these rules may either be prescriptive or descriptive. Prescriptive grammars set rules for language. In descriptive grammar, the manner by which the language is w ritten or spoken is described.The English language is in some aspects quite simple. However, it can also be complex if not exasperating in its other characteristics. For example, English does not make use of grammatical gender. Its plurals and tenses are mostly regular. However, a unique feature of the language is that it employs the use of progressive tense (using -ing). This use of the progressive tense is unique although it is muted in its everyday use. This feature is a source of difficulty to some second-language speakers ... The differences among the various grammars of English is somewhat well-defined. The characteristics of Standard English are relatively clear. Standard English is spoken by around 10% of the population in the United Kingdom (Trudgill ). It is usually derived through formal school contexts. Standard English can also be combined with various accents including regional ones. The differences between Standard and Non-standard are minimal. These differences often involve a small proportion of the words in a passage, affecting only around twenty percent of specific areas of grammar. Non-standard English has many regional variations. An example is the difference between dialects which suppress subject-verb agreement favoring the -s form. An example of this is He like it in Wales in contrast to He likes it in Wales. There are also few gray areas in the definition of Standard, and the uncertainties that arise are specific and often affect the spoken form. Differentiating Descriptive and Prescriptive English There are now several English grammars and they are often classified as either descriptive or prescriptive, although others may have elements of both. The two types of grammars vary in the principles of how they are written. The descriptive and prescriptive approaches to Standard English grammar is the subject of much debate. New trends are also arising which has affected the way English is taught and used. Among these trends is the increasing codification of Standard English among non-native speakers. Ironically, the language is not codified for native speakers. However, this codification of English among native speakers may in the future become part of

Aspects Of Database Security Information Technology Essay

Aspects Of Database Security Information Technology Essay Many native methods of providing Database security have also been discussed along with a survey of database threats issues and its remedies. Mechanisms are discussed that propose strengthening the database security. It seems desirable to get an understanding of the complete set of security problems faced and their problems up-to-date to devise better methodologies for database security issues. The research study regarding Database Security is organized as follows: Section 1 highlights the native methods of Database Security which have been employed. Section 2 describes the threats faced by databases and Section 3 discusses varies proposed remedies to the Database security issues. Improper safeguarding of data might compromise database confidentiality, its availability and integrity. In order to prevent this, it is very important to form a comprehensive database security concept [term paper link]. Importance of Data The security of data has always been an issue, but with the increase of applications relying more on databases to store that information, the threats to the security have increased manifold. Security of data is a crucial issue today then ever and the importance of it is clearly understood as well. The three main objectives of Database security include Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability [1]. The databases have to be secured in any case since they contain bulk amount of data both confidential and public. The loss of integrity of data can not only have disastrous affect for a specific user, but the reputation of the whole organization comes at stake. Methods to perturb original data and are required in which data is converted to some anonymous form, in cases where the privacy of data itself is of utmost importance. Anonymization in that case is carried out in such a way that the original data integrity and its relationships are maintained while the data is perturbed for analysi s. Threats to Database Databases today face a growing risk of threats and vulnerabilities. Security breaches are typically categorized as unauthorized data observation, incorrect data modification, and data unavailability. Unauthorized data observation results in the disclosure of information to users not entitled to gain access to such information [2]. In case of unauthorized data observation, the data is seen by users for whom that data in not intended. For incorrect data modifications, once the data in the databases is modified, its integrity is lost and then the proper usage of data cannot be carried out. The true information is not available when it is needed. Countermeasures to Threats Some countermeasures that can be employed are outlined below: Access Controls (can be Discretionary or Mandatory) Authorization (granting legitimate access rights) Authentication (determining whether a user is who they claim to be)ÂÂ   Backup Journaling (maintaining a log file enables easy recovery of changes) Encryption (encoding data using an encryption algorithm) RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks protects against data loss due to disk failure)ÂÂ   Polyinstantiation (data objects that appear to have different values to users with different access rights / clearance)ÂÂ   Views (virtual relations which can limit the data viewable by certain users) [3]. Security Solutions for Databases To protect data from losing its confidentiality, integrity and availability, different mechanisms have been proposed and are currently in use by the Relational Database Management Systems. The protection mechanisms used to provide security to databases include Firewalls which act as the first line of defense. Intrusion Detection Systems are another form of security which detects intrusions in the database. Achieving high security for databases is a continuous and tough job. Data in the databases has to be secure so that no loss, leakage or unwanted access to it is made. The database security model is structured using the Access Control policy, authorization policy, inference policy, accountability policy, audit policy, and consistency policy [5]. The Access Control Policy for security of databases is focused with some research on the other mechanisms of security as well including Authentication, Inference avoidance, different levels of access control and the protection of data itsel f. 4.1 Access Control Policy: The access control system is the database components that checks all database requests and grants or denies a users re-quest based on his or her privileges. (Here we assume that the user has been authenticated.) [6] Discretionary Access Control in RDBMS Mandatory Access Control in RDBMS Discretionary Mechanism in OODBMS Discretionary Mechanism in OODBMS One of the main mechanisms to secure databases is the access control mechanism. In this regard the assurance that access is granted to authorize users has to be made to avoid compromising the security of the database. Some of the access control methods that are used are discussed, but the list is not exhaustive. Existing solutions for database security, which are defined for Relational Database Management Systems, are not appropriate for Object Oriented Database Management Systems. This is because OODBMSs are different in terms of the security models they follow. They are richer than the ordinary relational data models. This mainly refers to the authorization principles they follow. So either the relational data models have to be extended to incorporate the object oriented concepts as well or new data models have to be created for the object oriented data models. Object models provide a superset of the functionalities of relational database management system [5]. Discretionary Access Control In this case, the creator of an object becomes its owner and he has the full right over that object. The owner here then defines the rights to access the information. Mandatory Access Control Objects in this case are assigned labels, on the basis of which they have the right to access the information in a database. The security labels assigned could be top secret, secret, classified, unclassified. In this case, the system itself mandates the users their rights to access or modify data. Discretionary Access Control in OODBMS In case of object oriented database architecture, objects are stored in the database as compared to the relational database architecture in which strings, values or integers are stored instead. The objects have attributes as well as methods which are invoked to query data from the database. Mandatory Access Control in OODBMS In case of mandatory access control, the data in the databases are discussed in which are used the methods Inference Issue Avoidance In cases where legitimate data is accessed by the user through queries, it is a risk that he infers further information which is not concerned to him. In such cases the security of user data is compromised. Data Privacy Protection The user data becomes identifiable when paired with some existing information. Some mechanism has to be adopted that prevents leakage of confidential information from data that is publicly available. In this regards the process of data-anonymization is used which de-identifies the information for privacy preservation. Even with the technique of Anonymization, the inference problem still remains in the data mining field. Even though a database is sanitized by removing private information, the use of data mining techniques may allow one to recover the removed information. Several approaches have been proposed, some of which are specialized for specific data mining techniques, such as tools for association rule mining or classification systems, whereas others are independent from the specific data mining technique. In general, all approaches are based on modifying or perturbing the data in some way [2]. Security in Distributed Databases Some of the most, important security requirements for database management systems are: Multi-Level Access Control: Confidentiality, Reliability, Integrity, and Recovery [8]. Data mining systems are being extended to function in a distributed environment. These systems are called distributed data mining systems. Security problems may be exacerbated in distributed data mining systems [8]. Conclusion

Case Study of Carl Robins Essay

My consulting company has been hired by ABC, Inc. to evaluate some problems involving management. Once the analysis is complete it will identify and recommend ways to improve the hiring process of ABC, Inc. Carl Robins is a new campus recruiter who is on the fast track to success. However, as a new employee, he is not fully informed on processes of the company. From my analysis, I conclude that Carl Robins is not organized and did not assemble training plan for the new recruits. New employees can acquire a situation too deep and too fast. It takes at least six months to a year for someone in a new position to understand his or her role within a company. Carl Robins is doing too much too fast. A plan needs to be in place and reviewed before any new trainees were hired. Carl Robins, a new recruiter with ABC, Inc., has a dilemma. Because a training plan was not put in place and the proper research was not done, Carl runs the risk of an unsuccessful orientation. Carl’s position has the role of coordinating tasks and gathering information for new people coming to the company. If the process is unsuccessful, it will leave a bad impression with not only Monica Carrolls, Operations Supervisor, but the new trainees as well. As the coordinator, Carl has not put in the research required to obtain the information needed for the trainees. Several problems exist for Carl Robins. The first issue is that he is six months into his position and is not aware of certain policies and procedures within ABC, Inc. The second issue is that a training plan does not exist for Carl to follow to make sure trainees meet the requirements. In the workforce today it is important that everyone entering a new job receive all the required training that is needed to complete it in a professional and skilled manner. When Carl Robins decided to take on the position as a Campus Recruiter for ABC, Inc., Carl didn’t receive the proper training needed to accomplish his tasks. This error is placed upon the human resource department for ABC, Inc. Even though Carl knows a lot in this area, he should not receive any special treatment and still be shown the proper ways and steps to make, for this company, before planning a new hire orientation. ïÆ'ËœThe third issue is that by Carl being new to his position he did not do the research or ask questions on what needed to be done. He just assumed. An action plan or schedule should be active before the new trainees were hired. Carl did not prepare for the  orientation; he runs the risk of not possessing the space or materials to conduct the orientation. The fourth issue Carl is a procrastinator Carl could have prevented this problem by not being so negligent. One of Carl’s identifiable problems is his procrastination on finalizing the new trainee paperwork necessary to conduct the orientation. The sad truth is that most individuals are procrastinators. â€Å"Procrastination is the art of keeping up with yesterday†. Carl Robbins, procrastination is a major part of the failure of his recruitment of the new hires. Another factor that contributes to his failure is the lack of communication. When Monica contacted Carl about the training schedule he should have ask Monica about the steps of how ABC, Inc. proceed for training. ïÆ'ËœThe fifth issue is that Carl does not know how to plan and execute. Carl’s lack of planning and execution could imply that either Carl is not fully qualified, or as I mentioned earlier Carl needs more training. The sixth issue is Carl is lacking in his Time Management Skills.† Time is a commodity no individual can afford to l ose. The best way to reach a project deadline is to have a good time of objectives. ïÆ'ËœThe seventh and last issue is Communication. Lack of communication at any workplace makes for catastrophe. When lagging communication between departments and employees lags, the state of business suffer. The key to effective communication is being timely and relevant. There is an immediate lack of timely communication going on between Carl Robins and Monica Carrolls. Assumption is being made by Monica Carrolls that Carl Robins knows what he is doing, and the protocol that follows a new hire orientation is visible. New employees were hired in early April and not until the middle of May did Monica consult her new recruiter on the current status of the employees. This is over a month that critical follow-up was needed with the new campus recruiter. Perhaps if there was a set schedule in place that Carl was given as to a timetable, important records and documentation that needed to be completed would not have been overlooked. These documents are mandatory for an orientation to take place. Procrastination or a lack of clearly defined priorities may have been factors in why Carl waited until after Memorial Day to pull files and take a look at the new hires current status. This allowed only one week for odds and ends to be completed before the actual orientation was to take place on  June 15th of that month. My conclusion is that lack of planning skills and time management on behalf of the newly hired campus recruiter. My suggestion is in order to reduce or eradicate the problems identified in this case ABC, Inc., should provide everyone with a detailed outline of the hiring process and what the hiring process encompasses. After reviewing Carl Robins’ case, I have come to the conclusion that Carl has put himself in a situation where he will not be able to make a deadline he has set with the operations supervisor, Monica Carrolls. Carl will not be able to make the tight deadline due to all the problems he has been faced with. In order for Carl to become a successful employee for ABC, Inc., he will need to learn how to manage his time more efficiently and communicate better with his coworkers and the potential recruits. These types of problems Carl has been faced with can be overcome by managing time affectively and communicating with his supervisor and the new trainees about the policies and procedures of the company. Some alternatives that could have helped Carl are: The trainers files could be reviewed before the initiate hire date. Placed notes on files with any missing documents. Manuals should be reviewed every month. A system upgrade can be implemented. The drug screening can be scheduled after the first interview in order to have them completed in time for orientation. ABC, Inc., should have a centralized area for the necessary documents needed for orientation, so when new trainees are hired it would be available. My proposed solution is the following: Carl needs to find another room for training or to arrange a place outside the company to have the orientation. Call a local hotel where he can meet to conduct the new employee orientation. Reserve the room that Joe booked either in the AM or PM after the computer training class The missing applications and transcripts should not take long to complete. In the course of orientation, they can go over and complete. The orientation manuals need to be piece together into one, after this is done the manual needs to be revised and rewritten. The completed manuals than need to be copied either at the office copier or taken to the local Kinko’s office. Carl can  assign someone to call the Drug testing facility, and schedule five people per Day for three days or contact the recruits and send them to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. and the company will have the results the same day. This will take care of the drug screening problems.

Essay on Death Of A Salesman - Biff Character Profile

Biff is one of the main characters in the play quot;Death of a Salesmanquot; by Arthur Miller. Biff is Willys and Lindas son. He was the star of the football team and had scholarships to 3 colleges, but he flunked math and couldnt graduate, so he tried to work at many different jobs, and failed at each. Finally, he decided to head out west, and work on farms. Biff came back home this spring, because he didnt know what he was doing with his life. Willy has mood swings and sometimes thinks very highly of Biff sometimes but other times he hates him. The day he came home Willy yelled at him, and because Biff admires his dad, he was depressed. He later reveals to Happy, after their double date, that all he wants is to work on a farm,†¦show more content†¦He cuts straight through it, and isnt afraid that the subject might be touchy or hurt peoples feelings. When Biff wasnt seen by Oliver, Happy wanted to make Willy happy, so he just told him that Biff got it, but Biff didnt want that. He told Willy that he didnt get the deal, but Willy refused to listen, so Biff just kept trying. He didnt care that it would hurt willy. When he confronted Willy in he end, he just yelled at him and brought him to the realization that he wasnt special, and that he was a dime a dozen. Willy eventually realizes this, and that is why he crashes the car and kills himself. Biff should be portrayed as a guy that doesnt take any nonsense. He should be firm with what he says, and shouldnt be influenced by others opinions. He has strong opinions himself, and should stick to them. He claims to know who he is, but he really doesnt. Biff should be kind of strong, and athletic, because he works on a farm. Bif does love Willy, deep down. He doesnt show it that much, because he insults him sometimes, but he does show lots of care for Willy, and didnt want him to kill himself, even though it seems as if he was driving Willy to it with all of the insults. Biff really loves his mother, and it really hurt him when she kicked him out of the house. He hates it when Willy yells at her to shut up, because he loves her. He doesnt want his mom to worried about Willy, because he knows of Willys affair.Show MoreRelatedâ€Å"Aristotle’s Definition of the Tragic Hero and Irony in Tragedy† Oedipus Rex, Othello, and Death of a Salesman3217 Words   |  13 Pageswhich states that a character of exceptionally high stature is relegated (literally, figuratively, or both) and is forced to succumb to misfortune due to some flaw of character or failure to find/some deviation from the moral and righteous path, which is referred to as the hamartia. (Myers) However, he cannot be of paramount virtue or righteousness for this would objectify him, in turn isolating him from human perceptivity and compassion though he must be of high or noble character. The hamartia at

Business Owner Of Faith Based House Call Company - 1387 Words

Thomasson, the business owner of faith based House Call Company, chose to run his business on his Christian principles. Leaning on the Parable of the Talents to guide his decisions of employee responsibility, training and excellence, he also continues to strive for excellent customer service. He believes that he should live out his faith and that means through his company, not just on a Sunday and Wednesday when he attends church or Bible study with his group of like minded business owners. As it pertains to both his employee and service manager Whiting and his customers it seems he is trying to live out James 2:8-9, â€Å"If you really fulfill the royal law according to the Scripture, â€Å"You shall love your neighbor as yourself,† you do well; but if you show partiality, you commit sin, and are convicted by the law as transgressors† (NKJV). Given that Thomasson has rehired Whiting, there should be expectations in place that Whiting could attain. While Whiting was falling short in regards to the goals of Thomasson, there truly wasn’t enough measurable time to see if he had really made the changes he said he had. Seeing how both Ward and Thomasson have two differing styles of management, there is a possibility that with Ward’s involvement, Whiting would excel. And while Thomasson might think that Whiting should be out of chances if he doesn’t begin to succeed in his role as service manage, instead are there other areas which might better suit Whiting’s personality? Just fromShow MoreRelatedDoes Outsourcing Data Uphold The Enterprise?1469 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasing automation, companies and organizations with massive amounts of data to manage often find themselves outsourcing their databases. This particular arrangement depends on many factors, such as trustworthiness and reputation. Each business requires different coverage from the outsource provider as well as different costs requirements. Many providers offer cloud based services, in house managed services, near and offshore and outcome-based consulting. Many companies do not have the means orRead MoreThe s Case, Shania s Husband, The Formation Of A Limited Partnership Is Best895 Words   |  4 PagesThe benefit of Shania setting up her business as a limited partnership is that she, being the only general partner and liable for all debt, will be the one who manages the daily operations and executive decisions for the business. Limited partners, since they are only liable for the capit al the contribute, they possess no authority in regards to making important decisions for the business and other managerial responsibilities solely designated for general partners. For Marvin’s case, Shania’s husbandRead MoreRole Of The Stock Market On A Financial System Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pages1. Analyze the role of the stock market in a financial system. Stock market mostly supports on growth of the funds. Primarily stock market offer liquidity which is viewed as one of the top feature of stock market investment. It also allows companies to increase funds by providing them official investors The role played by the stock market in a financial system are: Great service to investor Stock trades guarantee to investor for convey higher profit consequently, investors get measures of confirmationRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed From Large Organization2166 Words   |  9 Pagescompetitive and it is getting very difficult for business to survive without the use of latest trends and technologies. Internet made a revolution in the market in past few years. There are many companies whose faith was changed by technology. Facebook is one of the good examples, without internet, this company would not have even existed. It has become a demand of time to be tech friendly to survive in the market as it is the tool to expand your business and take it to the next level. In the last fewRead MoreThe American Of The United States1484 Words   |  6 Pagesliteral enough in the Church of England. Since the King ran the church, the punishments that he enforced consist of jail or execution. To pursue protection, they left for Holland, because it was close, cheaper cost of livi ng, and a safer place to call home. Problems aroused in Holland, because the Separatists preferred the English culture and did not want to raise their children Dutch. The Separatists felt that Holland was too liberal for them, even though they enjoyed the freedomRead MoreCase Study : Complete Accounting Solution1912 Words   |  8 PagesComplete Accounting Solution, LLC is a web-based complete accounting services business for small to mid-sized companies. Using only certified accountants, the company is able to handle any and all accounting functions by offering different sized packages based on individual company needs. Using a virtual accountant saves businesses money by only paying for the time the accountant provides services, versus a company having a full-time accountant on staff. The company headquarters is located in Seattle, WashingtonRead MoreCrm Value Chain Analysis2031 Words   |  9 Pageswhich the business is organised. CRM decisions impact on marketing, certainly, but also on operations, sales, customer service, HR, RD and finance, as well as IT. CRM is fundamentally cross-functional, customerfocussed business strateg y. The CRM value chain The CRM value chain (figure 1) is a proven model which businesses can follow when developing and implementing their CRM strategies. It has been five years in development and has been piloted in a number of business-tobusiness and business-to-consumerRead MoreThe President Of The United States1457 Words   |  6 Pagesread mostly popular books, such as the family bible. He was known as one of the best story tellers in the town. While transitioning into his manhood he received his formal education. Lincoln worked as a shop keeper to a postmaster and then a store owner. Along with that job he picked up social skills while working with the public. In 1832, Lincoln was elected as captain and the Black Hawk which started war between the United States and Native Americans. This allowed him to increase his connectionsRead MoreCorporation7972 Words   |  32 Pagesa general fiduciary duty of loyalty and care which should govern all their corporate conduct. Unless they breach that duty by gross negligence or acts in bad faith, they usually will have no personal liability to third parties. In order to pierce the corporate veil, third parties have to show personal wrongful conduct on the part of a company official or director to hold them personally responsible for extra-corporate actions. Under the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil, the courts may decideRead MoreCostco Marketing Plan3741 Words   |  15 PagesMarketing Plan Costco Companies, Inc. MKT 680 Presented by Jose D. Carmona May 10, 2012 1. Executive Summary Costco Wholesale Corporation, which began operations in 1983 in Seattle, originated the membership wholesale club retail concept. By providing low prices on consumables like fresh foods, health and beauty care items, high-quality apparel, electronics, jewelry and other general merchandise, the company pioneered the retail concept that encourages members to visit regularly to achieve savings